The preview uses the Web Audio API to apply the selected gain while the file plays. Export loads a WebAssembly build of FFmpeg only when you create the result, multiplies every audio sample by the same linear gain, and writes an uncompressed WAV.
A 200% setting doubles sample amplitude and is about +6 dB. It does not necessarily sound twice as loud, because perceived loudness depends on the recording, frequency content, speakers, and listener. Boosting audio that already peaks near full scale can clip, so preview strong increases before export.